Monday, October 16, 2023

Curriculum

 

Larry Cuban - Four Types of Curriculum 

Official Curriculum – Curriculum as influenced and intended by exterior bodies. “..they expect teachers to teach it; they assume students will learn it”. 

Taught Curriculum – What teachers actually decide to teach, how they teach and what they take out of the “official curriculum”. “Their choices derive from their knowledge of the subject, their experiences in teaching the content, their affection or dislike of topics…….”. 

Learned Curriculum – How the student learns as a result of their place in the class room and the two previous areas. (very inclusive mode of analysis). 

Tested Curriculum – How students are to be tested and ranked. Lowry criticizes most curricula’s testing in that: “What is tested is a limited part of what is intended by policy makers, taught by teachers, and learned by students” 

 Cuban, L. (1995). The Hidden Variable: How Organizations Influence Teacher Responses to Secondary Science Curriculum Reform. Theory Into Practice, Vol. 34, No. 1, 4-11.

Wednesday, October 27, 2021

Educational Vocabulary


Self-Help

Self Advocacy


Metacognition

Preassessments

The Muddiest Point—Giving Students Practice in Identifying Confusions

Retrospective Postassessments

Reflective Journals


Vygotsky's Elementary Mental Functions

Attention

Sensation

Perception

Memory


Gardner’s multiple intelligences

Linguistic Intelligence (word smart)

Logical Intelligence (logic smart)

Visual-spatial Intelligence (picture smart)

Musical Intelligence (music smart)

Bodily Kinesthetic Intelligence (body smart)

Interpersonal Intelligence (people smart)


Jerome Bruner proposed three modes of representation:

Enactive representation (action-based)

Iconic representation (image-based)

Symbolic representation (language-based)


Bruner and Vygotsky

Scaffolding


Bruner and Piaget

BRUNER AGREES WITH PIAGET 

1. Children are PRE-ADAPTED to learning

2. Children have a NATURAL CURIOSITY

3. Children’s COGNITIVE STRUCTURES develop over time

4. Children are ACTIVE participants in the learning process

5. Cognitive development entails the acquisition of SYMBOLS

BRUNER DISAGREES WITH PIAGET

BRUNER AGREES WITH PIAGET BRUNER DISAGREES WITH PIAGET

1. Development is a CONTINUOUS PROCESS – not a series of stages

2. The development of LANGUAGE is a cause not a consequence of cognitive development

3. You can SPEED-UP cognitive development. You don’t have to wait for the child to be ready

4. The involvement of ADULTS and MORE KNOWLEDGEABLE PEERS makes a big difference

5. Symbolic thought does NOT REPLACE EARLIER MODES OF REPRESENTATION



Bloom 6 Levels of Taxonomy

Remember

Understand

Apply

Analyze

Evaluate

Create


Three Basic Components To Piaget's Cognitive Theory:

sensorimotor

preoperational

concrete operational


Four mediational processes proposed by Bandura:

1.  Attention: 

2.  Retention:

3.  Reproduction:

4.  Motivation:


Maslow's original hierarchy of needs five-stage model includes:

1. Physiological needs - these are biological requirements for human survival, e.g. air, food,

drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, sex, sleep.

If these needs are not satisfied the human body cannot function optimally. Maslow considered

physiological needs the most important as all the other needs become secondary until these

needs are met.

2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear.

3. Love and belongingness needs - after physiological and safety needs have been fulfilled,

the third level of human needs is social and involves feelings of belongingness. The need for

interpersonal relationships motivates behavior

Examples include friendship, intimacy, trust, and acceptance, receiving and giving affection

and love. Affiliating, being part of a group (family, friends, work).

4. Esteem needs - which Maslow classified into two categories: (i) esteem for oneself

(dignity, achievement, mastery, independence) and (ii) the desire for reputation or respect

from others (e.g., status, prestige).

Maslow indicated that the need for respect or reputation is most important for children and

adolescents and precedes real self-esteem or dignity.

5. Self-actualization needs - realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal

growth and peak experiences. A desire “to become everything one is capable of

becoming”


Notes from EDWF 5770 BGSU